How the machine ‘thinks’: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951715622512 This article considers the issue of opacity as a problem for socially consequential mechanisms of classification and ranking, such as spam filters, credit card fraud detection, search engines, news trends, market segmentation and advertising, insurance or loan qualification, and credit scoring. These mechanisms of classification all frequently rely on computational algorithms, and in many cases...Read More