https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053951715622512 This article considers the issue of opacity as a problem for socially consequential mechanisms of classification and ranking, such as spam filters, credit card fraud detection, search engines, news trends, market segmentation and advertising, insurance or loan qualification, and credit scoring. These mechanisms of classification all frequently rely on computational algorithms, and in many...Read More

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7724478/A Supervised machine learning is the construction of algorithms that are able to produce general patterns and hypotheses by using externally supplied instances to predict the fate of future instances. Supervised machine learning classification algorithms aim at categorizing data from prior information. Classification is carried out very frequently in data science problems. Various successful techniques...Read More